Herbs

**Botanical Name:** *Aconitum napellus* (common monkshood); also *Aconitum lycoctonum* (yellow wolfsbane) and other species in the *Aconitum* genus. **Folk Names:** Monkshood, wo...

# Adder's Tongue **Botanical Name:** *Ophioglossum vulgatum* (common adder's-tongue fern); sometimes *Ophioglossum lusitanicum* or other species in the genus. **Folk Names:** Se...

**Botanical Name:** *Agrimonia eupatoria* (common agrimony); also *Agrimonia gryposepala* (hairy agrimony, North American species) and related *Agrimonia* species. **Folk Names:*...

**Botanical Name:** Primarily *Alnus glutinosa* (black alder, common in Europe); *Alnus rubra* (red alder, Pacific Northwest); *Alnus incana* (grey alder); *Alnus serrulata* (tag a...

**Botanical Name:** *Glechoma hederacea* (syn. *Nepeta glechoma*) **Folk Names:** Ground ivy, gill-over-the-ground, creeping charlie, cat's foot, tun-hoof, alehoof, hedge ivy, fi...

**Botanical Name:** *Smyrnium olusatrum* (also known as Alexanders, alisanders) **Folk Names:** Alexanders, black lovage, horse parsley, wild celery, smyrnium, pot-herb of Alexan...

**Botanical Name:** *Alkanna tinctoria* (true alkanet, dyer's bugloss); sometimes confused with *Pentaglottis sempervirens* (green alkanet, false alkanet). **Folk Names:** Dyer's...

**Botanical Name:** *Prunella vulgaris* (common self-heal, heal-all, woundwort); sometimes *Stachys officinalis* (betony, historically called "all-heal" in some traditions) or *Val...

**Botanical Name:** Primarily *Aloe vera* (true aloe, medicinal aloe); also *Aloe barbadensis* (synonym), *Aloe arborescens*, *Aloe ferox* (Cape aloe), and other species used simil...

**Botanical Name:** *Solanum dulcamara* (bittersweet nightshade, climbing nightshade, woody nightshade) **Folk Names:** Bittersweet, woody nightshade, felonwort, poisonflower, sc...

**Botanical Name:** *Amaranthus* species, primarily *Amaranthus caudatus* (love-lies-bleeding, tassel flower), *Amaranthus cruentus* (purple amaranth, blood amaranth), *Amaranthus ...

**Botanical Name:** Primarily *Angelica archangelica* (garden angelica, Norwegian angelica); also *Angelica sinensis* (dong quai, Chinese angelica), *Angelica atropurpurea* (purple...

**Botanical Name:** *Pimpinella anisum* (aniseed, anise); sometimes confused with star anise (*Illicium verum*), but true anise is the small, grayish-brown seed used here. **Folk...

**Botanical Name:** *Angelica archangelica* (garden angelica, archangelica); sometimes *Angelica sylvestris* (wild angelica) or *Angelica atropurpurea* (American angelica) used sim...

**Botanical Name:** *Arnica montana* (European arnica, mountain arnica); also *Arnica chamissonis*, *Arnica cordifolia*, or *Arnica latifolia* (American species used similarly). ...

**Botanical Name:** *Cynara scolymus* (globe artichoke); *Cynara cardunculus* var. *scolymus* (synonym). **Folk Names:** Globe artichoke, French artichoke, green artichoke, heart...

**Botanical Name:** *Populus balsamifera* (Balsam Poplar), *Populus trichocarpa* (Black Cottonwood), or hybrids such as *Populus × jackii* (commonly sold as “Balm of Gilead buds”)....

**Botanical Name:** *Ocimum basilicum* (sweet basil); also *Ocimum sanctum* (holy basil/tulsi), *Ocimum minimum* (Greek basil), and other cultivars. **Folk Names:** Sweet basil, ...

**Botanical Name:** *Laurus nobilis* (true bay laurel, sweet bay, bay leaf); sometimes confused with *Umbellularia californica* (California bay, Oregon myrtle) or *Cinnamomum tamal...

**Botanical Name:** *Atropa belladonna* (Deadly Nightshade) **Folk Names:** Deadly nightshade, dwale, banewort, devil's cherries, sorcerer's berry, witches' berry, fair lady, nau...

**Botanical Name:** *Stachys officinalis* (syn. *Betonica officinalis*); also known as wood betony, bishop's wort, or common betony. **Folk Names:** Bishop's wort, wood betony, l...

**Botanical Name:** *Achillea millefolium* (common yarrow); also known as milfoil, thousand-leaf, thousand-seal. **Folk Names:** Bifoil, milfoil, yarrow, nosebleed, soldier's wou...

**Botanical Name:** *Vaccinium myrtillus* (European bilberry); sometimes confused with *Vaccinium uliginosum* or North American lowbush blueberries (*Vaccinium angustifolium*). *...

**Botanical Name:** Primarily *Betula pendula* (silver birch, European white birch); also *Betula pubescens* (downy birch), *Betula nigra* (river birch, North American), *Betula pa...

**Botanical Name:** *Lotus corniculatus* (common bird's-foot trefoil) **Folk Names:** Bird's-foot trefoil, eggs and bacon, bacon and eggs, bird's foot, granny's toenails, devil's...

**Botanical Name:** *Aegopodium podagraria* (ground elder, herb Gerard, bishop's goutweed); sometimes confused with *Ammi majus* (false bishop's weed, bullwort) or *Trachyspermum a...

**Botanical Name:** *Persicaria bistorta* (syn. *Polygonum bistorta*, *Bistorta officinalis*) **Folk Names:** Bistort root, dragonwort, red legs, patience dock, snakeweed, adderw...

**Botanical Name:** *Rubus fruticosus* (European blackberry); also *Rubus allegheniensis*, *Rubus laciniatus*, and other wild/cultivated species. **Folk Names:** Bramble, blackbe...

**Botanical Name:** Historically refers to various species in the Amaranthaceae/Chenopodiaceae family, particularly *Amaranthus blitum* (purple amaranth or livid amaranth), *Blitum...

**Botanical Name:** *Sanguinaria canadensis* **Folk Names:** Bloodroot, red puccoon, redroot, tetterwort, coon root, snakebite root, Indian paint, pauson. **Parts Used:** Prima...

**Botanical Name:** *Verbena hastata* (blue vervain, American vervain); also *Verbena officinalis* (European vervain, common vervain) used similarly in many traditions. **Folk Na...

**Botanical Name:** *Centaurea cyanus* (cornflower, bachelor's button) **Folk Names:** Blue bottle, bluebottle, blue centaury, bachelor's button, cornflower, cyani flower, hurt-s...

**Botanical Name:** *Eupatorium perfoliatum* (common boneset, thoroughwort); also *Eupatorium purpureum* (Joe-Pye weed, gravel root) sometimes grouped under similar folk uses. **...

**Botanical Name:** *Borago officinalis* **Folk Names:** Borage, burrage, cool tankard, starflower, bee bread, tailwort, talewort, herb of gladness, courage herb. **Parts Used:...

**Botanical Name:** *Cytisus scoparius* (common broom, Scotch broom); also *Sarothamnus scoparius* (synonym), and related species like *Genista* (dyer's greenweed, sometimes groupe...

**Botanical Name:** *Rhamnus cathartica* (common buckthorn, European buckthorn); also *Frangula alnus* (alder buckthorn, glossy buckthorn) and *Rhamnus purshiana* (cascara sagrada,...

# Burdock **Botanical Name:** *Arctium lappa* (greater burdock); also *Arctium minus* (common burdock) and related species. **Folk Names:** Burdock, burr seed, beggar's buttons,...

**Botanical Name:** *Petasites hybridus* (common butterbur); also *Petasites japonicus* (Japanese butterbur/fuki) and related species. **Folk Names:** Butterbur, blatterdock, bog...

**Botanical Name:** *Brassica oleracea* var. *capitata* (common cabbage); also includes related cultivars like red cabbage, Savoy cabbage, and pointed cabbage. **Folk Names:** Ca...

**Botanical Name:** *Acorus calamus* (sweet flag, calamus root, flag root); also *Acorus americanus* (American calamus) and *Acorus gramineus* (Japanese sweet flag) used similarly....

**Botanical Name:** *Calendula officinalis* (pot marigold, common calendula) **Folk Names:** Calendula, pot marigold, marygold, mary's gold, bride of the sun, summer's bride, hol...

# Camphor **Botanical Name:** *Cinnamomum camphora* (true camphor tree, source of natural camphor crystals); also *Dryobalanops aromatica* (Borneo camphor) or *Cinnamomum glanduli...

# Caraway **Botanical Name:** *Carum carvi* (common caraway, meridian fennel) **Folk Names:** Caraway, carum, common caraway, meridian fennel, Persian cumin, kummel (German), ka...

**Botanical Name:** *Dianthus caryophyllus* (clove pink, common carnation); also includes related species like *Dianthus barbatus* (sweet William) sometimes grouped in folk use. ...

**Botanical Name:** *Nepeta cataria* (true catnip); also *Nepeta mussinii* (catmint) sometimes grouped in folk use. **Folk Names:** Catnip, catmint, catwort, cat's play, cat's de...

**Botanical Name:** Primarily *Cedrus atlantica* (Atlas cedar), *Cedrus libani* (Cedar of Lebanon), *Cedrus deodara* (Himalayan cedar), and *Thuja plicata* (Western red cedar, ofte...

# Celandine **Botanical Name:** *Chelidonium majus* (greater celandine); sometimes *Ficaria verna* (lesser celandine, pilewort) grouped in older folklore. **Folk Names:** Celand...

# Chamomile **Botanical Name:** Primarily *Matricaria chamomilla* (German chamomile) and *Chamaemelum nobile* (Roman chamomile); both widely used interchangeably in magic and herb...

**Botanical Name:** *Stellaria media* (common chickweed) **Folk Names:** Chickweed, winterweed, tongue grass, bird's tongue, mouse-ear, starweed, satin flower, tongue grass, adde...

**Botanical Name:** Primarily *Cinnamomum verum* (true cinnamon, also called Ceylon cinnamon) or *Cinnamomum cassia* (cassia cinnamon, Chinese cinnamon); most commercial "cinnamon"...

**Botanical Name:** *Potentilla reptans* (common cinquefoil, creeping cinquefoil); also *Potentilla argentea* (hoary cinquefoil) and *Potentilla canadensis* (dwarf cinquefoil) used...

**Botanical Name:** *Syzygium aromaticum* (syn. *Eugenia caryophyllata*) **Folk Names:** Cloves, clove buds, laung (Hindi), ding xiang (Chinese), gariofilo (Italian), nail spice ...

# Coltsfoot **Botanical Name:** *Tussilago farfara* **Folk Names:** Coltsfoot, coughwort, cough plant, foalsfoot, horse foot, bull's foot, son-before-father, clayweed, kashmir, ...

**Botanical Name:** *Symphytum officinale* (common comfrey); also *Symphytum × uplandicum* (Russian comfrey) used similarly in some traditions. **Folk Names:** Comfrey, knitbone,...

# Copal **Botanical Name:** Primarily *Protium copal* (Mexican copal), *Bursera fagaroides*, *Bursera bipinnata*, or *Bursera microphylla* (Central American copal); also *Hymenaea...

**Botanical Name:** *Coriandrum sativum* (coriander, cilantro) **Folk Names:** Coriander, cilantro (leaves), Chinese parsley, dhania (Hindi), cilantro seed (for the spice), Arab ...

**Botanical Name:** *Bellis perennis* (common daisy, English daisy); also *Chrysanthemum leucanthemum* (oxeye daisy) sometimes grouped in folk use. **Folk Names:** Daisy, English...

**Botanical Name:** *Turnera diffusa* (syn. *Turnera aphrodisiaca*) **Folk Names:** Damiana, damiana leaf, Mexican damiana, old woman's broom, hierba de la pastora, pastorcita, M...

**Botanical Name:** *Taraxacum officinale* (common dandelion); also *Taraxacum erythrospermum* (red-seeded dandelion) in some regions. **Folk Names:** Dandelion, blowball, lion's...

**Botanical Name:** *Liatris odoratissima* (sweet deerstongue, vanilla leaf, vanilla orchid); sometimes *Hierochloe odorata* (sweetgrass, vanilla grass) grouped in older folk magic...

**Botanical Name:** *Chamaelirium luteum* (also known as devil's bit, unicorn root, false unicorn root, blazing star, helonias root, starwort) **Folk Names:** Devil's bit, devil'...

**Botanical Name:** *Anethum graveolens* **Folk Names:** Dill, dill weed, dill seed, garden dill, dill pickle herb, aneton, bastard anise, bastard fennel, dil, dillapio, dilly. ...

# Dragon's Blood **Botanical Name:** Primarily *Daemonorops draco* or *Dracaena cinnabari* (true dragon's blood resin); also *Croton lechleri* (Sangre de Drago) or *Pterocarpus* s...

# Elder **Botanical Name:** *Sambucus nigra* (European black elder); also *Sambucus canadensis* (American elder) used similarly in many traditions. **Folk Names:** Elder, elderb...

**Botanical Name:** *Inula helenium* **Folk Names:** Elecampane, elf dock, elfwort, horse-elder, horseheal, scabwort, velvet dock, wild sunflower, yellow starwort. **Parts Used...

# Elemi **Botanical Name:** *Canarium luzonicum* (Manila elemi, true elemi); also *Canarium asperum* or related *Canarium* species. **Folk Names:** Elemi, elemi resin, Manila el...

**Botanical Name:** Primarily *Eucalyptus globulus* (blue gum eucalyptus); also *Eucalyptus radiata*, *Eucalyptus citriodora* (lemon-scented gum), and other species used in magic a...

**Botanical Name:** *Euphrasia officinalis* (common eyebright); also *Euphrasia rostkoviana* and related *Euphrasia* species used similarly. **Folk Names:** Eyebright, euphrasia,...

**Botanical Name:** *Foeniculum vulgare* (common fennel, sweet fennel); also *Foeniculum vulgare* var. *azoricum* (Florence fennel, bulb fennel) and *Foeniculum vulgare* var. *dulc...

**Botanical Name:** *Tanacetum parthenium* (syn. *Chrysanthemum parthenium*) **Folk Names:** Feverfew, featherfew, featherfoil, flirtwort, bachelor's buttons, midsummer daisy, no...

**Botanical Name:** *Scrophularia nodosa* (common figwort, knotted figwort); also *Scrophularia marylandica* (Maryland figwort) or *Scrophularia auriculata* (water figwort) used si...

**Botanical Name:** *Digitalis purpurea* (common foxglove); also *Digitalis lanata* (woolly foxglove) and related species. **Folk Names:** Foxglove, dead man's bells, dead man's ...

**Botanical Name:** *Boswellia sacra* (most common for high-grade resin); also *Boswellia carterii*, *Boswellia serrata*, *Boswellia frereana* (Omani varieties). **Folk Names:** ...

**Botanical Name:** *Fumaria officinalis* (common fumitory, drug fumitory) **Folk Names:** Fumitory, earth smoke, fumus terrae, smoke of the earth, vapor, fumiterre, fumus-vitae,...

**Botanical Name:** Primarily *Alpinia galanga* (greater galangal, Thai galangal); also *Alpinia officinarum* (lesser galangal, Chinese galangal) used similarly in magic. **Folk ...

**Botanical Name:** *Allium sativum* **Folk Names:** Garlic, poor man's treacle, devil's garlic, stinking rose, ajo (Spanish), ail (French), thun (Hindi), lasun (Sanskrit), stink...

**Botanical Name:** *Gentiana lutea* (yellow gentian, great yellow gentian); also *Gentiana acaulis* (stemless gentian) and other *Gentiana* species used similarly in folklore. *...

**Botanical Name:** Primarily *Pelargonium graveolens* (rose geranium, scented geranium); also *Pelargonium × hortorum* (garden geranium) and *Geranium macrorrhizum* (herb Robert o...

**Botanical Name:** *Zingiber officinale* **Folk Names:** Ginger, ginger root, sheng jiang (Chinese), adrak (Hindi), inchi (Malayalam), common ginger, true ginger, African ginger...

**Botanical Name:** Primarily *Panax ginseng* (Asian ginseng, Korean ginseng); also *Panax quinquefolius* (American ginseng) used similarly in many traditions. **Folk Names:** Gi...

**Botanical Name:** *Hydrastis canadensis* **Folk Names:** Goldenseal, yellow puccoon, orange root, yellow root, wild turmeric, Indian paint, eye root, ground raspberry, jaundice...

**Botanical Name:** *Crataegus monogyna* (common hawthorn, English hawthorn); also *Crataegus laevigata* (midland hawthorn) and *Crataegus phaenopyrum* (Washington hawthorn) used s...

**Botanical Name:** *Corylus avellana* (European hazel, common hazel); also *Corylus americana* (American hazel) used similarly in some traditions. **Folk Names:** Hazel, hazelnu...

**Botanical Name:** *Calluna vulgaris* (common heather, ling heather); also *Erica* species (bell heather, cross-leaved heath) sometimes grouped in folklore. **Folk Names:** Heat...

**Botanical Name:** *Heliotropium arborescens* (common heliotrope, garden heliotrope); also *Heliotropium peruvianum* (synonym) or *Heliotropium europaeum* (wild heliotrope) in som...

**Botanical Name:** *Hyoscyamus niger* (black henbane); also *Hyoscyamus albus* (white henbane) used similarly in some historical contexts. **Folk Names:** Henbane, black henbane...

**Botanical Name:** Primarily *Hibiscus sabdariffa* (roselle, hibiscus flower, Jamaican sorrel); also *Hibiscus rosa-sinensis* (China rose, tropical hibiscus) used in some traditio...

**Botanical Name:** *Ilex aquifolium* (English holly, European holly); also *Ilex opaca* (American holly) and *Ilex verticillata* (winterberry) used similarly in some traditions. ...

**Botanical Name:** Primarily *Lonicera caprifolium* (Italian honeysuckle), *Lonicera periclymenum* (woodbine, European honeysuckle), and *Lonicera japonica* (Japanese honeysuckle,...

**Botanical Name:** *Humulus lupulus* **Folk Names:** Hops, hop vine, hop flower, beer flower, wolf of the woods, lupulin, humulus. **Parts Used:** Dried strobiles (female flow...

**Botanical Name:** *Marrubium vulgare* (white horehound, common horehound) **Folk Names:** Horehound, white horehound, hoarhound, bull's blood, eye of the star, haran, hoarhound...

# Horsetail **Botanical Name:** *Equisetum arvense* (common horsetail, field horsetail); also *Equisetum hyemale* (scouring rush) or *Equisetum telmateia* (giant horsetail) used s...

**Botanical Name:** *Hyssopus officinalis* (common hyssop); also *Hyssopus aristatus* or related species in some traditions. **Folk Names:** Hyssop, holy herb, hyssop herb, ysope...

**Botanical Name:** *Chondrus crispus* (true Irish moss, carrageen moss); also sometimes *Gracilaria* spp. or other red seaweeds used as "Irish moss" in culinary/magical contexts. ...

**Botanical Name:** Primarily *Jasminum officinale* (common jasmine, poet's jasmine); also *Jasminum sambac* (Arabian jasmine, sambac jasmine), *Jasminum grandiflorum* (royal jasmi...

# Job's Tears **Botanical Name:** *Coix lacryma-jobi* **Folk Names:** Job's tears, coix seed, tear grass, tear drops, hata mugi (Japanese), yi yi ren (Chinese), adlay, adlay mil...

**Botanical Name:** *Juniperus communis* (common juniper); also *Juniperus virginiana* (eastern red cedar, often grouped in North American folk magic), *Juniperus oxycedrus* (prick...

**Botanical Name:** *Piper methysticum* **Folk Names:** Kava, kava kava, ava, awa, yaqona, sakau, intoxicating pepper, kava pepper, kava root. **Parts Used:** Dried rhizome/roo...

**Botanical Name:** *Polygonum aviculare* (common knotweed, prostrate knotweed); also *Polygonum persicaria* (lady's thumb, redshank) and *Polygonum punctatum* (dotted smartweed) s...

**Botanical Name:** *Lavandula angustifolia* (English lavender, true lavender); also *Lavandula x intermedia* (lavandin) and *Lavandula latifolia* (spike lavender) used similarly i...

**Botanical Name:** *Melissa officinalis* **Folk Names:** Lemon balm, balm, sweet balm, bee balm, cure-all, heart's delight, honey plant, melissa, sweet melissa, balm mint. **P...

**Botanical Name:** *Aloysia citrodora* (syn. *Aloysia triphylla*, *Lippia citriodora*) **Folk Names:** Lemon verbena, verbena, cedrón, hierba luisa, lemon beebrush, vervain (con...

**Botanical Name:** *Glycyrrhiza glabra* (common licorice, European licorice); also *Glycyrrhiza uralensis* (Chinese licorice) and *Glycyrrhiza inflata* used similarly in some trad...

**Botanical Name:** *Lobelia inflata* (Indian tobacco, common lobelia); also *Lobelia siphilitica* (great blue lobelia) and *Lobelia cardinalis* (cardinal flower) used similarly in...

**Botanical Name:** Primarily *Malva sylvestris* (common mallow, high mallow); also *Malva neglecta* (common mallow, dwarf mallow), *Malva parviflora* (cheeseweed), and related *Ma...

**Botanical Name:** *Mandragora officinarum* (European mandrake); also *Mandragora autumnalis* (autumn mandrake) and related species like *Mandragora caulescens*. **Folk Names:**...

**Botanical Name:** *Origanum majorana* (sweet marjoram); also *Origanum onites* (pot marjoram) used similarly in some traditions. **Folk Names:** Marjoram, sweet marjoram, knott...

**Botanical Name:** Primarily *Mentha × piperita* (peppermint) and *Mentha spicata* (spearmint); other species like *Mentha arvensis* (wild mint), *Mentha pulegium* (pennyroyal, us...

**Botanical Name:** *Artemisia vulgaris* (common mugwort); also *Artemisia douglasiana* (California mugwort) and *Artemisia ludoviciana* (white sagebrush) used similarly in some tr...

**Botanical Name:** *Verbascum thapsus* (common mullein, great mullein); also *Verbascum densiflorum* (denseflower mullein) and related species used similarly in some traditions. ...

**Botanical Name:** *Commiphora myrrha* (true myrrh); also *Commiphora molmol* and related species like *Commiphora gileadensis* (Balsam of Gilead in antiquity). **Folk Names:** ...

**Botanical Name:** *Urtica dioica* (stinging nettle, common nettle); also *Urtica urens* (dwarf nettle) used similarly in some traditions. **Folk Names:** Nettle, stinging nettl...

**Botanical Name:** *Myristica fragrans* **Folk Names:** Nutmeg, mace (from the aril covering the seed), Qust (Arabic), pala (Indonesian), pala banda, muskat, wohpala, sadikaa (S...

**Botanical Name:** Primarily *Quercus robur* (English oak, pedunculate oak) and *Quercus petraea* (sessile oak) in European traditions; also *Quercus alba* (white oak), *Quercus r...

**Botanical Name:** *Evernia prunastri* (true oakmoss); also *Pseudevernia furfuracea* (tree moss, often grouped or substituted in perfumery and some magical uses). **Folk Names:...

**Botanical Name:** *Avena sativa* (common oats, cultivated oats); also *Avena fatua* (wild oats) in some folk contexts. **Folk Names:** Oats, oat straw, groats, haver, haver-cor...

**Botanical Name:** *Olea europaea* (common olive, European olive) **Folk Names:** Olive, olive tree, sacred olive, peace tree, Athena's tree, oil tree, zaitun (Arabic), zeitun, ...

**Botanical Name:** *Allium cepa* (common onion); also includes related species like *Allium fistulosum* (green onion, scallion) and *Allium proliferum* (walking onion) sometimes g...

**Botanical Name:** *Origanum vulgare* (common oregano, wild marjoram); also *Origanum onites* (pot marjoram) and *Origanum heracleoticum* (Greek oregano) used similarly in many tr...

**Botanical Name:** *Iris germanica* var. *florentina* (orris root, Florentine iris); also *Iris pallida* (pale iris) and *Iris × germanica* (bearded iris) used similarly for orris...

**Botanical Name:** *Ligusticum porteri* (also known as *Ligusticum filicinum* in some classifications) **Folk Names:** Osha root, bear root, bear medicine, chuchupate, Colorado ...

**Botanical Name:** *Bursera graveolens* (primarily); also related species like *Bursera sacra* or *Bursera simaruba* in some regions. **Folk Names:** Holy wood, sacred wood, pal...

**Botanical Name:** *Petroselinum crispum* (common parsley); also *Petroselinum neapolitanum* (Italian/flat-leaf parsley) and *Petroselinum tuberosum* (Hamburg/root parsley) used s...

**Botanical Name:** *Passiflora incarnata* (common passionflower, maypop); also *Passiflora caerulea* (blue passionflower) and other species used in some traditions. **Folk Names...

**Botanical Name:** *Pogostemon cablin* (true patchouli); also *Pogostemon heyneanus* (Java patchouli) used similarly in some traditions. **Folk Names:** Patchouli, patchouly, pu...

**Botanical Name:** *Mentha × piperita* (peppermint, hybrid of spearmint and watermint) **Folk Names:** Peppermint, mint, balm mint, curly mint, lamb mint, our lady's mint, puddi...

**Botanical Name:** *Vinca minor* (common periwinkle, lesser periwinkle); also *Vinca major* (greater periwinkle) used similarly in some traditions. **Folk Names:** Periwinkle, v...

# Pine **Botanical Name:** Primarily *Pinus sylvestris* (Scots pine, European pine); also *Pinus strobus* (Eastern white pine), *Pinus ponderosa* (ponderosa pine), *Pinus resinosa...

**Botanical Name:** *Plantago major* (broadleaf plantain, common plantain); also *Plantago lanceolata* (ribwort plantain, narrowleaf plantain) used similarly in many traditions. ...

**Botanical Name:** *Papaver somniferum* (opium poppy, breadseed poppy); also *Papaver rhoeas* (corn poppy, field poppy) and *Papaver orientale* (oriental poppy) used in some tradi...

**Botanical Name:** *Quassia amara* (Surinam quassia, bitter wood); also *Picrasma excelsa* (Jamaica quassia) used similarly in some traditions. **Folk Names:** Quassia, quassia ...

**Botanical Name:** *Cydonia oblonga* (common quince, true quince) **Folk Names:** Quince, quince apple, quince pear, golden apple, love apple, marmalade fruit, membrillo (Spanis...

**Botanical Name:** *Rubus idaeus* (European red raspberry); also *Rubus strigosus* (American red raspberry) used similarly in many traditions. **Folk Names:** Raspberry leaf, re...

**Botanical Name:** Primarily *Rosa spp.* (most commonly *Rosa gallica*, *Rosa damascena*, *Rosa centifolia*, *Rosa rugosa*, and *Rosa canina* in magical/herbal traditions). **Fo...

**Botanical Name:** *Salvia rosmarinus* (syn. *Rosmarinus officinalis*) **Folk Names:** Rosemary, dew of the sea, elf leaf, guardrobe, herb of remembrance, incensier, compass wee...

# Rowan **Botanical Name:** *Sorbus aucuparia* (European rowan, mountain ash); also *Sorbus americana* (American mountain ash) used similarly in North American traditions. **Fol...

**Botanical Name:** *Ruta graveolens* **Folk Names:** Rue, herb of grace, herb of repentance, herbygrass, ruta, ruta graveolens, queen of herbs, ruta officinalis, garden rue, goa...

**Botanical Name:** *Crocus sativus* **Folk Names:** Saffron, crocus, crocus sativus, red gold, karkum (Hebrew), za'faran (Arabic), kesar (Hindi), saffron crocus, autumn crocus. ...

**Botanical Name:** *Salvia officinalis* (common sage, garden sage, Dalmatian sage) **Folk Names:** Sage, garden sage, common sage, salvia, herb of wisdom, sage of virtue, sawge,...

**Botanical Name:** *Salvia apiana* (white sage, bee sage, sacred sage) **Folk Names:** White sage, sacred sage, bee sage, California white sage, grandfather sage, woman's sage, ...

**Botanical Name:** Primarily *Santalum album* (Indian/white sandalwood, the traditional and most prized species); also *Santalum spicatum* (Australian sandalwood), *Santalum panic...

**Botanical Name:** *Sesamum indicum* **Folk Names:** Sesame, sesamum, benne (African-American/Southern U.S.), benne seed, til (Hindi), goma (Japanese), simsim (Arabic), sesame s...

**Botanical Name:** *Antirrhinum majus* (common snapdragon, garden snapdragon); also includes wild species like *Antirrhinum orontium* (lesser snapdragon) in some folklore. **Fol...

**Botanical Name:** *Polygonatum biflorum* (great Solomon's seal, smooth Solomon's seal); also *Polygonatum odoratum* (fragrant Solomon's seal) and *Polygonatum pubescens* (hairy S...

**Botanical Name:** *Hypericum perforatum* **Folk Names:** St. John's wort, goatweed, Klamath weed, tipton weed, rosin rose, John's wort, herb of St. John, chase-devil, balm of w...

**Botanical Name:** *Illicium verum* (true star anise, Chinese star anise); *Illicium anisatum* (Japanese star anise, toxic—avoid in all uses). **Folk Names:** Star anise, Chines...

**Botanical Name:** Primarily *Rhus coriaria* (Sicilian sumac, common culinary sumac); also *Rhus glabra* (smooth sumac), *Rhus typhina* (staghorn sumac), and *Rhus aromatica* (fra...

**Botanical Name:** *Hierochloe odorata* (syn. *Anthoxanthum nitens*) **Folk Names:** Sweetgrass, holy grass, vanilla grass, bison grass, Seneca grass, zubrovka (Polish), hieroch...

**Botanical Name:** *Tanacetum vulgare* (common tansy, garden tansy) **Folk Names:** Tansy, bitter buttons, golden buttons, ginger plant, parsley fern, stinking willie, scent fer...

**Botanical Name:** Primarily *Cirsium vulgare* (spear thistle, bull thistle) and *Cirsium arvense* (creeping thistle, Canada thistle); also *Onopordum acanthium* (Scotch thistle, ...

**Botanical Name:** *Thymus vulgaris* (common thyme); also *Thymus serpyllum* (wild thyme, creeping thyme) and *Thymus citriodorus* (lemon thyme) used similarly in many traditions....

**Botanical Name:** *Dipteryx odorata* (tonka bean tree); also *Coumarouna odorata* or *Dipteryx oppositifolia* in older classifications. **Folk Names:** Tonka bean, tonka, tonqu...

**Botanical Name:** *Curcuma longa* (turmeric, common turmeric); also *Curcuma aromatica* (wild turmeric, yellow zedoary) used in some traditions. **Folk Names:** Turmeric, India...

**Botanical Name:** No single plant is universally called "Umbel". The term "umbel" refers to a type of inflorescence (flower cluster) rather than a specific species. In magical/he...

**Botanical Name:** *Arctostaphylos uva-ursi* (bearberry, common uva ursi) **Folk Names:** Uva ursi, bearberry, bear grape, sandberry, rockberry, kinnikinnick, mealberry, foxberr...

**Botanical Name:** *Valeriana officinalis* (common valerian, garden valerian); also *Valeriana edulis* (edible valerian) and *Valeriana wallichii* (Indian valerian) used in some t...

**Botanical Name:** *Verbena officinalis* (common vervain, European vervain); also *Verbena hastata* (blue vervain, swamp verbena) used similarly in many traditions. **Folk Names...

**Botanical Name:** *Vetiveria zizanioides* (syn. *Chrysopogon zizanioides*) **Folk Names:** Vetiver, khus, khus-khus, vetivert, vetiver grass, khus grass, vetiver root, oil of t...

**Botanical Name:** *Viola odorata* (sweet violet, English violet); also *Viola tricolor* (heartsease, Johnny jump-up) and *Viola sororia* (common blue violet) used similarly in ma...

**Botanical Name:** *Viola odorata* (sweet violet); also *Viola tricolor* (heartsease, Johnny jump-up) and *Viola sororia* (common blue violet) used similarly in many traditions. ...

**Botanical Name:** *Salix alba* (white willow, common willow); also *Salix babylonica* (weeping willow), *Salix nigra* (black willow), and *Salix caprea* (goat willow/pussy willow...

**Botanical Name:** *Hamamelis virginiana* (common witch hazel, American witch hazel) **Folk Names:** Witch hazel, spotted alder, winterbloom, snapping hazel, striped alder, pist...

**Botanical Name:** *Artemisia absinthium* **Folk Names:** Wormwood, absinthe, green ginger, old woman, crown for a king, maderwort, mingwort, wermut, wermod, bitter herb, absint...

**Botanical Name:** *Achillea millefolium* (common yarrow, milfoil) **Folk Names:** Yarrow, achillea, thousand-leaf, thousand-seal, nosebleed, old man's pepper, soldier's woundwo...

**Botanical Name:** *Rumex crispus* (curly dock, yellow dock); also *Rumex obtusifolius* (broadleaf dock) sometimes grouped in folk traditions. **Folk Names:** Yellow dock, curly...

**Botanical Name:** *Taxus baccata* (European yew); also *Taxus brevifolia* (Pacific yew) and *Taxus canadensis* (Canadian yew) used similarly in some traditions. **Folk Names:**...

**Botanical Name:** *Cananga odorata* (true ylang-ylang) **Folk Names:** Ylang ylang, cananga, flower of flowers, perfume tree, ilang-ilang, kenanga (Indonesian), kenongang (Mala...

**Botanical Name:** *Curcuma zedoaria* (zedoary, white turmeric, wild turmeric) **Folk Names:** Zedoary, white turmeric, zedoary root, curcuma zedoaria, kachora (Hindi), kachur (...

**Botanical Name:** *Zinnia elegans* (common zinnia, garden zinnia); also *Zinnia haageana* (Mexican zinnia) and *Zinnia angustifolia* (narrowleaf zinnia) used similarly in some tr...